
Differentialgleichungen – Kapitel 8
IMTEK, Universität Freiburg
Die Studierenden sollen…
\[ \mathbf{a} = a_1 \mathbf{e}_1 + a_2 \mathbf{e}_2 + a_3 \mathbf{e}_3 \]
\[ \langle f, g \rangle = \int_a^b f^*(x)\, g(x) \, dx \]
\[ \|f\| = \sqrt{\langle f, f \rangle} = \sqrt{\int_a^b |f(x)|^2 \, dx} \]
\[ \langle f, g \rangle = 0 \]
\[ f(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n \varphi_n(x) \]
\[ \langle \varphi_m, \varphi_n \rangle = c_n \delta_{mn} \]
\[ a_n = \frac{\langle \varphi_n, f \rangle}{\langle \varphi_n, \varphi_n \rangle} = \frac{\langle \varphi_n, f \rangle}{c_n} \]
\[ \langle f, f \rangle = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} |a_n|^2 c_n \]
\[ \varphi_n(x) = e^{i 2\pi n x / L}, \quad n \in \mathbb{Z} \]
\[ \langle \varphi_m, \varphi_n \rangle = L\, \delta_{mn} \]
\[ \frac{d}{dx} e^{i\omega x} = i\omega \cdot e^{i\omega x} \]
\[ (a_n \lambda^n + a_{n-1}\lambda^{n-1} + \cdots + a_0)\, e^{\lambda t} = 0 \]
\[ f(x) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} c_n e^{i 2\pi n x / L} \]
\[ c_m = \frac{1}{L} \int_0^L f(x)\, e^{-i 2\pi m x / L} \, dx \]
\[ f(x) = \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left[a_n \cos\left(\frac{2\pi n x}{L}\right) + b_n \sin\left(\frac{2\pi n x}{L}\right)\right] \]
mit den Koeffizienten
\[ a_n = \frac{2}{L} \int_0^L f(x) \cos\left(\frac{2\pi n x}{L}\right) dx, \quad b_n = \frac{2}{L} \int_0^L f(x) \sin\left(\frac{2\pi n x}{L}\right) dx \]
\[ \hat{f}(k) = \mathcal{F}[f](k) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\, e^{-ikx} \, dx \]
\[ f(x) = \mathcal{F}^{-1}[\hat{f}](x) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \hat{f}(k)\, e^{ikx} \, dk \]
\[ \mathcal{F}\left[\frac{df}{dx}\right](k) = ik\, \hat{f}(k), \qquad \mathcal{F}\left[\frac{d^2f}{dx^2}\right](k) = -k^2\, \hat{f}(k) \]
| \(f(t)\) | \(\hat{f}(\omega)\) |
|---|---|
| \(\delta(t)\) | \(1\) |
| \(1\) | \(2\pi\delta(\omega)\) |
| \(e^{i\omega_0 t}\) | \(2\pi\delta(\omega - \omega_0)\) |
| \(\cos(\omega_0 t)\) | \(\pi[\delta(\omega - \omega_0) + \delta(\omega + \omega_0)]\) |
| \(e^{-a|t|}\) \((a > 0)\) | \(\frac{2a}{a^2 + \omega^2}\) |
| \(e^{-at}\Theta(t)\) \((a > 0)\) | \(\frac{1}{a + i\omega}\) |
| \(\text{rect}(t/T)\) | \(T \cdot \text{sinc}(\omega T/2)\) |
| \(e^{-t^2/(2\sigma^2)}\) | \(\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}\, e^{-\omega^2\sigma^2/2}\) |
| Eigenschaft | Zeitbereich | Frequenzbereich |
|---|---|---|
| Linearität | \(\alpha f(t) + \beta g(t)\) | \(\alpha\hat{f}(\omega) + \beta\hat{g}(\omega)\) |
| Zeitverschiebung | \(f(t - t_0)\) | \(e^{-i\omega t_0}\hat{f}(\omega)\) |
| Frequenzverschiebung | \(e^{i\omega_0 t}f(t)\) | \(\hat{f}(\omega - \omega_0)\) |
| Zeitskalierung | \(f(at)\) | \(\frac{1}{|a|}\hat{f}(\omega/a)\) |
| Differentiation | \(\frac{d^n f}{dt^n}\) | \((i\omega)^n\hat{f}(\omega)\) |
| Faltung | \((f * g)(t)\) | \(\hat{f}(\omega)\cdot\hat{g}(\omega)\) |
| Multiplikation | \(f(t)\cdot g(t)\) | \(\frac{1}{2\pi}(\hat{f} * \hat{g})(\omega)\) |
\[ (f * g)(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x-y)\, g(y) \, dy \]
\[ \mathcal{F}[f * g](k) = \hat{f}(k) \cdot \hat{g}(k) \]
\[ f(x) = \frac{4A}{\pi}\sum_{n=1,3,5,\ldots}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n}\sin\left(\frac{2\pi n x}{L}\right) \]

Mit zunehmender Termzahl nähert sich die Reihe der Rechteckwelle; das Gibbs-Phänomen bleibt an den Sprungstellen sichtbar.

Die FFT (\(O(N \log N)\) statt \(O(N^2)\)) macht die Frequenzkomponenten bei 50 Hz und 120 Hz unmittelbar sichtbar.
Differentialgleichungen